Sorbonne Summer University - Multidisciplinary courses program
The Summer University offers several multidisciplinary courses in different areas of the humanities, in French and English, taught by teacher-researchers from the Sorbonne University community.
The Sorbonne Summer University offers 17 multidisciplinary courses, each focused on key themes: History - Literature - Philosophy - Imaginary of France - Paris - Topical Issues.
Each course includes 15 hours of instruction per week, with 3 hours of classes per day, Monday to Friday.
Courses are offered in both morning and afternoon slots, depending on the cycle.
Participants can register for multiple courses, except during Week 3 (July 15-18).
Due to the national holiday on July 14, the Monday lecture will be rescheduled to another day that week, requiring participants to be available. During Weeks 1, 2 and 4, participants are free to register for multiple courses.
HISTORY
Courses taught in French.
History serves as a gateway to the past, offering a deep dive into the events, ideas, and figures that have shaped our world. This theme invites you to explore some of humanity's most significant eras, with a particular focus on key milestones in European and French culture. Our course offerings provide a deeper understanding of our shared heritage and the ongoing developments that continue to shape contemporary society.
Course taught in French
Week 1: June 30 to July 4 2025 from 9.30am to 12.30pm
OR
Week 2: July 7 to July 11 2025 from 2pm to 5pm
OR
Week 3: July 15 to July 18 2025 from 2pm to 5pm
- Telling the Past in Ancient Greece: Epic and History
Sébastien Morlet, Greek, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - Living Happily: An Introduction to Roman Stoicism
Juliette Dross, Latin language and literature, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - Reflection on art in Antiquity andits influence until today
Valérie Naas, Latin language and literature, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - The power of speech: Greco-Roman rhetoric and its contemporary extensions
Juliette Dross, Latin language and literature, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - Laughter with the Greeks
Yann Migoubert, Greek, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University
Register via Billetweb
The department called « Formation tout au long de la vie (FTLV) » reserves the right to modify the program.
Course taught in French
Week 1: June 30 to July 4 2025 from 2pm to 5pm
OR
Week 2: July 7 to July 11 2025 from 2pm to 5pm
OR
Week 3: July 15 to July 18 2025 from 2pm to 5pm
-
How the French became modern
Arnaud Houte, history, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University -
The Opera Garnier
Jean-Baptiste Minnaert, history of art, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University -
Challenges and renewals: changing religion in Europe in19th century
Rémy Heme de Lacotte, history, Faculty of Arts and at Sorbonne University -
State diplomacy in the 19th century, tradition and modernity
Isabelle Dasque, history, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University -
Modernity in literature
Boris Lyon-Caen, French and comparative literature, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University -
Music in the 19th century (week 3 only)
Antonin Durand, history, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University
Register via Billetweb
The department called « Formation tout au long de la vie (FTLV) » reserves the right to modify the program.
Course taught in French
Week 1: June 30 to July 4 2025 from 9.30am to 12.30pm
OR
Week 2: July 7 to July 11 2025 from 9.30am to 12.30pm
OR
Week 3: July 15 to July 18 2025 from 9.30am to 12.30pm
OR
Week 4: July 21 to July 25 2025 from 9.30am to 12.30pm
- Louis Pasteur
Gilles Fumey, geography, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - Victor Hugo
Boris Lyon-Caen, French and comparative literature, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - Marie Curie (weeks 1 and 2 only)
Nathalie Duval, history, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - Joséphine Baker (weeks 1 and 2 only)
Nathalie Duval, history, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - Molière (weeks 1, 2 and 3 only)
Sophie Marchand, French and comparative literature, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - Charles De Gaulle (week 3 only)
Arnaud Houte, history, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - Louis XIV (weeks 3 and 4 only)
Delphine Amstutz, French and comparative literature, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - Geneviève de Paris, Jeanne d'Arc and Thérèse de Lisieux: three French saints seen by the 19th and 20th centuries (week 4 only)
Arnaud Houte, history, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - Marie-Antoinette (week 4 only)
Sophie Marchand, French and comparative literature, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University
Register via Billetweb
The department called « Formation tout au long de la vie (FTLV) » reserves the right to modify the program.
Course taught in French
Week 1: June 30 to July 4 2025 from 2pm to 5pm
OR
Week 2: July 7 to July 11 2025 from 2pm to 5pm
OR
Week 3: July 15 to July 18 2025 from 2pm to 5pm
OR
Week 4: July 21 to July 25 2025 from 9.30am to 12.30pm
- The French Revolution
Jean-François Dunyach, history, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - The automobile revolution
Alice Milor, history, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - A new tourism revolution: an example of the construction of the Greater Paris Metropolis (week 1 only)
Edith Fagnoni, geography, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - Women as actors and victims of the French Revolution (weeks 1 and 2 only)
Nathalie Duval, history, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - Theater and the French Revolution (weeks 1, 3 and 4 only)
Sophie Marchand, French and comparative literature, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - When Factories become Heritage: World Recognition for the Nord-Pas-de-Calais mining Basin (week 2 only)
Edith Fagnoni, geography, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - The consumer revolution in contemporary times (week 2 only)
Jean-Pierre Williot, history, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - May - June 68 : a French revolution (week 3 only)
Arnaud Houte, history, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - 1848 (weeks 3 and 4 only)
Antonin Durand, history, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - The Revolution on the plate: what will we eat in the future? (week 4 only)
Gilles Fumey, geography, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University
Register via Billetweb
The department called « Formation tout au long de la vie (FTLV) » reserves the right to modify the program.
LITERATURE
Courses taught in French.
Literature is a journey through words, reflecting the thoughts and sensibilities of different ages. This theme invites you to immerse yourself in French literary classics - timeless works that have shaped culture - and explore the many faces of Paris, a boundless source of inspiration for writers. Our courses encourage intellectual curiosity, offering a unique opportunity to rediscover great authors and their works while examining their relevance in today's world.
Course taught in French
Week 1: June 30 to July 4 2025 from 9.30am to 12.30pm
OR
Week 2: July 7 to July 11 2025 from 9.30am to 12.30pm
OR
Week 3: July 15 to July 18 2025 from 9.30am to 12.30pm
OR
Week 4: July 21 to July 25 2025 from 9.30am to 12.30pm
↓ June 30 to July 4 2025 from 9.30am to 12.30pm ↓ | ||||
The 16th century | The 17th century | Le XVIIIe siècle | Le XIXe siècle | Le XXe siècle |
---|---|---|---|---|
Clément Marot, Epîtres, éd. Guillaume Berthon et Jean-Charles Monferran, Paris, Gallimard, coll. "NRF Poésie", 2021 | La Fontaine, Perrault, Madame d'Aulnoy : les milles facettes du conte au XVIIe siècle | Voltaire conteur : Candide d'hier à aujourd'hui | Stendhal, Le Rouge et le noir (1830) ; Flaubert, L'Éducation sentimentale (1869) | W ou le souvenir d'enfance de Georges Perec ; Un barrage contre le Pacifique de Marguerite Duras |
Adeline Lionetto, French and comparative literature, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University | Tiphaine Rolland, French and comparative literature, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University | Stéphanie Géhanne, littérature française et comparée, Faculté des Lettres de Sorbonne Université | Boris Lyon-Caen, littérature française et comparée, Faculté des Lettres de Sorbonne Université | Judith Sarfati-Lanter, littérature française et comparée, Faculté des Lettres de Sorbonne Université |
↓ July 7 to July 11 2025 from 9.30am to 12.30pm ↓ | ||||
The 16th century | The 17th century | The 18th century | The 19th century | The 20th centuty |
---|---|---|---|---|
Clément Marot, Epîtres, éd. Guillaume Berthon et Jean-Charles Monferran, Paris, Gallimard, coll. "NRF Poésie", 2021 | La Fontaine et Madame de la Fayette : splendeurs et tensions du classicisme français | Dideront, L'Encyclopédie et La Religieuse | Balzac, Le colonel Chabert, éd. Stéphane Vachon, Le Livre de Poche Classiques (1994) ; Nerval, « Sylvie », Les Filles du feu. Les Chimères, éd. Bertrand Marchal, Gallimard, coll. Folio (2005) | W ou le souvenir d'enfance de Georges Perec ; Un barrage contre le Pacifique de Marguerite Duras |
Adeline Lionetto, French and comparative literature, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University | Tiphaine Rolland, French and comparative literature, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University | Sophie Marchand, French and comparative literature, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University | Christophe Pradeau, French and comparative literature, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University | Judith Sarfati-Lanter, French and comparative literature, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University |
↓ July 15 to July 18 2025 from 9.30am to 12.30pm ↓ | ||||
The 16th century | The 17th century | The 18th century | The 19th century | The 20th century |
---|---|---|---|---|
Clément Marot, Epîtres, éd. Guillaume Berthon et Jean-Charles Monferran, Paris, Gallimard, coll. "NRF Poésie", 2021 | La Fontaine, Perrault, Madame d'Aulnoy : les milles facettes du conte au XVIIe siècle | Voltaire conteur : Candide d'hier à aujourd'hui | Stendhal, Le Rouge et le noir (1830) ; Flaubert, L'Éducation sentimentale (1869) | - |
Adeline Lionetto, French and comparative literature, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University | Tiphaine Rolland, French and comparative literature, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University | Stéphanie Géhanne, French and comparative literature, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University | Boris Lyon-Caen, French and comparative literature, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University | - |
↓ July 21 to July 25 2025 from 9.30am to 12.30pm ↓ | ||||
The 16th century | The 17th century | The 18th century | The 19th century | The 20th century |
---|---|---|---|---|
Clément Marot, Epîtres, éd. Guillaume Berthon et Jean-Charles Monferran, Paris, Gallimard, coll. "NRF Poésie", 2021 | La Rochefoucauld, Sévigné : les formes brèves de l'écriture de soi | Naissance du roman moderne : Marivaux, Le Paysan parvenu ; Prévost, Histoire d'une Grecque moderne | Méditations poétiques de Lamartine | Mémoire d'Hadrien de Marguerite Yourcenar ; Mémoires d'une jeune fille rangée de Simone de Beauvoir |
Adeline Lionetto, French and comparative literature, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University | Tiphaine Rolland, French and comparative literature, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University | Stéphanie Géhanne, French and comparative literature, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University | Romain Jalabert, French and comparative literature, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University | Simon Bréan, French and comparative literature, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University |
Register via Billetweb
The department called « Formation tout au long de la vie (FTLV) » reserves the right to modify the program.
Upcoming information.
PHILOSOPHY
Courses taught in French.
Philosophy challenges us to question the foundations of our thinking and explore the major ideas that have shaped our understanding of the world. This theme dives into important philosophical movements, addressing fundamental questions related to science, humanism, metaphysics, and the evolution of ideas. Alongside this, the study of rhetoric helps students understand the art of discourse—learning how to persuade and analyze arguments. Our course offerings foster intellectual exploration, nurturing critical thinking and deepening our understanding of philosophical and contemporary issues that shape our society.
Course taught in French
Week 1: June 30 to July 4 2025 from 2pm to 5pm
OR
Week 2: July 7 to July 11 2025 from 2pm to 5pm
- The social dimension of science
Cédric Paternotte, philosophy, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - Humanism, Transhumanism, Posthumanism
Pierre-Henri Tavoillot, philosophy, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - Does it take all kinds to make a world?
Elise Marrou, philosophy, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - The overcoming of metaphysics (Heidegger)
Vincent Blanchet, philosophy, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - Should science only describe the world? Logical positivism (week 1 only)
Cédric Paternotte, philosophy, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - Logic (week 2 only)
Cédric Paternotte, philosophy, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University
Register via Billetweb
The department called « Formation tout au long de la vie (FTLV) » reserves the right to modify the program.
Course taught in French
Week 1: June 30 to July 4 2025 from 2pm to 5pm
Rhetoric is the art of convincing and persuading through speech. This cycle, which explores rhetoric in all its aspects, deals with substance (content of speech) as well as form (manner of delivery) and articulates theory (rhetorical method) as well as practice (application of this method).
This course requires a very good mastery of french (minimum level C1) and the number of participants in this cycle is limited to 15.
Juliette Dross, Latin language and literature, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University
Register via Billetweb
The department called « Formation tout au long de la vie (FTLV) » reserves the right to modify the program.
THE IMAGINARY OF FRANCE
Courses taught in French, with the exception of 'The Sorbonne in English', which is taught in English.
This theme invites you to discover the soul of the nation through its symbols, traditions, and iconic figures. It explores the diverse facets of French culture—from gastronomy and fashion to the history of French women and the influence of the legendary Sorbonne. Through these courses, we delve deeply into the rich history of these themes and examine their impact on contemporary culture. It’s a captivating journey that offers a fresh and inspiring perspective on France.
Course taught in English
Week 2: July 7 to July 11 2025 from 9.30am to 12.30pm
OR
Week 3: July 15 to July 18 2025 from 9.30am to 12.30pm
- National memory: history and culture
Yann Migoubert, Greek, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - General history of France
Jean-François Dunyach, history, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - Project management
Yann Migoubert, Greek, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - Reducing the carbon footprint of Olympic construction sites
Patrizia Ingalline, geography, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - From plate to pixel: a brief history of the photographic image (week 1 only)
Jagna Oltarzewska, English language and literature, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University
Register via Billetweb
The department called « Formation tout au long de la vie (FTLV) » reserves the right to modify the program.
Course taught in French
Week 1: June 30 to July 4 2025 from 2pm to 5pm
OR
Week 2: July 7 to July 11 2025 from 2pm to 5pm
OR
Week 3: July 15 to July 18 2025 from 2pm to 5pm
- French women and diplomacy from modern times to the present day
Isabelle Dasque, history, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - The female body of the 19th century to the present day (weeks 1 and 2 only)
Nathalie Duval, history, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - The Parisian between myth and reality (weeks 1 and 2 only)
Nathalie Duval, history, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - Young girls in Literary Imagination (weeks 1 and 2 only)
Sophie Marchand, French and comparative literature, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - Women at work, 19th-20th centuries: an emancipation? (weeks 1 and 3 only)
Arnaud Houte, history, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - Pioneering Women of the 18th Century (week 3 only)
Sandrine Aragon, Center for the Study of French Language and Literature (CELLF) - The History of Women's Pants (week 3 only)
Pascale Gorguet Ballesteros, Head of the Eighteenth-Century Fashion and Dolls Departments, Palais Galliera, Musée de la Mode de la Ville de Paris - Famous Female Explorers (week 3 only)
Gilles Fumey, geography, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University
Register via Billetweb
The department called « Formation tout au long de la vie (FTLV) » reserves the right to modify the program.
Course taught in French
Week 1: 1 June 30 to July 4 2025 from 9.30am to 12.30pm
OR
Week 2: July 7 to July 11 2025 from 9.30am to 12.30pm (cycle with activities*)
- History of french gastronomy and cuisine (part 1)
Fabien Faugeron, history, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - History of french gastronomy and cuisine (part 2)
Fabien Faugeron, history, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - Gastronomy, a french exception
Gilles Fumey, geography, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - Bread, wine and cheese: cultural bestsellers
Gilles Fumey, geography, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - The contemporary consumer revolution
Jean-Pierre Williot, history, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University
*Week with activities : wine and cheese tasting workshop, visit to a museum, meal in a restaurant, visif of two markets.
Register via Billetweb
The department called « Formation tout au long de la vie (FTLV) » reserves the right to modify the program.
Course taught in French
Week 1: June 30 to July 4 2025 from 9.30am to 12.30pm
OR
Week 4: July 21 to July 25 2025 from 2pm to 5pm
- Theater and fashion from the 17th to the 19th centuries
Sophie Marchand, French and comparative literature, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - Renowned Female Fashion Designers (Gabrielle Chanel, Jeanne Lanvin...)
Nathalie Duval, history, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - Geography of clothing around the world
Gilles Fumey, geography, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - Fashion in Paris in the 18th century
Pascale Gorguet Ballesteros, Head of the Eighteenth-Century Fashion and Dolls Departments, Palais Galliera, Musée de la Mode de la Ville de Paris - When Clothing Symbolizes the Freedom Gained by Women: the History of Women's Fashion and its Constraints
Sandrine Aragon, Center for the Study of French Language and Literature (CELLF)
Register via Billetweb
The department called « Formation tout au long de la vie (FTLV) » reserves the right to modify the program.
PARIS
Courses taught in French, with the exception of 'A few monuments from Paris', which is taught in English.
Paris, a timeless city of culture and history, stands at the crossroads of ideas and eras, where monuments and stories intertwine to narrate centuries of history. This theme invites you to discover Paris in all its dimensions: a treasure trove of heritage, an endless well of literary inspiration, and a witness to pivotal historical events. Through these courses, we explore the Paris of both stones and words—a fascinating journey that uncovers the lasting impact of the capital across time and cultures.
Course taught in English
Week 2: July 7 to July 11 2025 from 2pm to 5pm
OR
Week 4: July 21 to July 25 2025 from 2pm to 5pm
- From the royal Louvre to the republican Concorde
Jean-François Dunyach, history, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - The Latin Quarter
Jean-François Dunyach, history, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - The Sorbonne
Yann Migoubert, Greek, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - The Arc de Triomphe
Antonin Durand, history, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - The Opéra Garnier (week 1 only)
Jean-Baptiste Minnaert, history of art, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University
Register via Billetweb
The department called « Formation tout au long de la vie (FTLV) » reserves the right to modify the program.
Course taught in French
Week 1: June 30 to July 4 2025 from 9.30am to 12.30pm
OR
Week 2: July 7 to July 11 2025 from 9.30am to 12.30pm
OR
Week 4: July 21 to July 25 2025 from 2pm to 5pm
- Les Halles
Reynald Abad, history, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - La Sorbonne
Reynald Abad, history, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - The Louvre and its territories: advancing towards an XXL Louvre (week 1)
Edith Fagnoni, geography, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - The Eiffel Tower (weeks 1 and 2 only)
Arnaud Houte, history, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - Department stores (weeks 1 and 2 only)
Jean-Baptiste Minnaert, history of art, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - Notre-Dame (week 2 only)
Dany Sandron, history of art, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - The Latin Quarter (week 4 only)
Jean-François Dunyach, history, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - The Arc de Triomphe (week 4 only)
Antonin Durand, history, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - Montmartre (week 4 only)
Gilles Fumey, geography, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University
Register via Billetweb
The department called « Formation tout au long de la vie (FTLV) » reserves the right to modify the program.
Upcoming information.
TOPICAL ISSUES
Courses taught in French.
Current affairs are at the heart of the challenges shaping our contemporary world. This theme invites you to examine the major issues of our time, from climate change to advances in artificial intelligence. Through these courses, we trace the evolution of thought, analyzing the ethical, social, and environmental dilemmas they present. This thought-provoking exploration fosters collective awareness and encourages us to anticipate the profound transformations that will reshape our future society.
Course taught in French
Week 4: July 21 to July 25 2025 from 9.30am to 12.30pm
- Breathing Easier in the City: Public Space and Active Mobility in Paris - A Controversial Approach
Patrizia Ingalline, geography, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - History of the environment
Nestor Herran, history of sciences, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - The fathers of ecology: from Humboldt to Haeckel
Gilles Fumey, geography, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - Climate change in the literature
Judith Sarfati, French and comparative literature, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - To come
-, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University
Register via Billetweb
The department called « Formation tout au long de la vie (FTLV) » reserves the right to modify the program.
Course taught in French
Week 2: July 7 to July 11 2025 from 9.30am to 12.30pm
OR
Week 4: July 21 to July 25 2025 from 9.30am to 12.30pm
- The historical challenges of artificial intelligence
Benjamin Thierry, history, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - The ethics of Artificial Intelligence
Adrien Tallent, philosophy, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - Philosophical genealogy of Artificial Intelligence
Adrien Tallent, philosophy, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - Legal aspects (week 2 only)
Arnaud Latil, private law, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - - (week 2 only)
Clotilde Chevet, Project Manager at the Sorbonne Center for Artificial Intelligence (SCAI), Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - The Relational Challenges of Artificial Intelligence (week 4 only)
Clotilde Chevet, Project Manager at the Sorbonne Center for Artificial Intelligence (SCAI), Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University - Networking the world. From Arpanet to Tiktok, a history of the Internet from the 1960s to today (week 4 only)
Benjamin Thierry, history, Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Sorbonne University
Register via Billetweb
The department called « Formation tout au long de la vie (FTLV) » reserves the right to modify the program.